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 The following is an  essay on the "history of Egyptian Women" which hitherto, rests on a simple  distorted reality .   Throughout the  years, we have been taught in school an extreme and narrow version of our actual  history, which has been written basically with "Ahl al-zawat" or al-khasah (people of good stock, or the  Aristocracy) in mind. Actually this group, though vocal and affluent,  represented only a minute section of the Egyptian society and therefore could  not be considered a true repesentation of the whole of Egyptian  society.   Historians, both  Egyptians and especially foreigners, are simply oblivious of the true history of  the majority of Egyptians or `amat  al-sha`b. The latter, representing a major  group of people whose history is seldom breached or adequately  explored.    For example, when  dealing with subject matter such as "Egyptian Women's Liberation", and  the Veil or the lack thereof, we traditionally tend to talk about the  roles of the likes of Huda al-sha`rawiy, Qasim  Amiyn, etc. Anything else falls by the wayside and/or is conveniently swept  under the rug. As a  result we end up with a "Parallel universe" or  "alternate reality" version of our history which is a self-contained  separate reality coexisting with our own, but not necessary a true reflection of  our own world.   The following essay  entitled, "The World of Na`sah," is not about validating whether or not  an Egyptian woman should wear the veil.  Rather, it is about the true reality of  the life of a typical Egyptian Fallahah, living at the turn  of the last century.  Hopefully, her harsh living conditions and abject poverty  will illuminate our understanding of this complicated subject  matter.     Na`sah is a mother of four.  Who, along with her  husband and children, lives in a typical Egyptian village.  This is her  story.    In the village  where Na`sah lives, mud is used as a building  material.  Her village borders a filthy artificial pond  (mustanqa`) from which mud for bricks is dug.  In a cluster of such  huts, along a branch of the Nile, lives Na`sah  and her family including her husband `Uways  and their four surviving children (five others died in infancy).   The mud huts of  Na`sah's village huddle tightly together near  the river, some of the houses sharing a common wall. Stretching out in three  directions behind the village are lush green fields, beautifully laid out in  crops of cotton, corn, beans, or clover, intersected by irrigation canals.   These crops are carefully rotated from season to season.  The village itself is  bare, except for a single cluster of gracefully swaying date palms.  The  "lanes" between the huts are ankle-deep in dust and pulverized dung,  teeming with fleas, lice, bedbugs, flies, and mosquitoes.    Her house has a  wooden frame door, but otherwise it is made exclusively of mud and straw.  An  external staircase leads to the flat roof, where Na`sah squats to pat camel dung into flat discs to dry  in the sun and later to use as cooking fuel.  When you enter the house proper,  you step into a rather large reception room, running the width of the building  which Na`sah and her husband `Uways and her children share with their  animals.    At one end,  Na`sah cooks over a mud-plastered oven called  tannuwr and/or  kanuwn, and somewhere towards the  center, `Uways her husband and his male guests  sit on a straw mat sipping, shayy Kushariy  bil ni`na`, heavily-brewed tea with  mint. Their only source of social intercourse is spending their spare time, in  the evening,gossiping.  Occasionally Na`sah  will interject herself in the conversation with her husband's guests and  contribute with her comments if the subject matter concerns the family or topic  of marriages.    At the other end  of the room is a motley assortment of chickens, a sickly, one-eyed kitten, two  geese, and a goat. The queen of the animals in the house is the gamuwsah, the beautiful bluish-black, broad-backed  water buffalo, the Fallah's chief work  animal and provider of milk, yogurt, and white cheese.    Na`sah and her husband get their rare bit of cash  from selling the calf the gamuwsah produces  yearly. Keeping these animals inside the house means that the dirt floor is  littered with animal dung of every description. But the family cannot take a  chance on them being stolen, and Na`sah never  considers her animals secure unless they are locked inside the house with the  family.  The loss of a gamuwsah is of a  traumatic consequence to any peasant family and hence is treated as the  equivalent of a member of the family. No wonder this is a serious matter on  which all Fallahiyn are adamant; the  animals-must live inside the house. Losing a gamuwsah amounts to a death in the family.    This peasant  family dresses simply.  `Uways wears a full  length cotton gown called a gallabiyah  and usually a skullcap on his head.  Sometimes, he winds a white turban around  the cap. His four children dress like miniature  `Uwayses, in little gallabiyahs  (gallaliyb) and knitted caps and, like their father, all are  barefoot.  Na`sah drapes herself in a black  sheet "milayah" and/or tarhah covering her head and falling on  her shoulders, underneath which she wears a  headscarf "mandiyl" bi tirtir  (a sheer black or  colored headscarf adorned with sequins).  Her dress is a black or  colorful cotton gallabiyah. She does not wear a veil (1)  and wears her hair in braids (dafa`iyr) hanging  down her shoulders.  Within village life, she is NOT  segregated (see picture below).  Anyone who has intimate knowledge of the  village knows that both sexes in rural families have to work closely together  and therefore segregation would be unworkable and unthinkable.     Exigencies of life  have taught Na`sah to be practical. Though,  like her husband, she is illiterate, she knows how to make herself  useful. She works hard beside her husband `Uways in the fields. She goes into the rice paddy,  grabs her gallabiyah from the back hem,  pulls it through her legs to the front and tucks it in,  her legs are visible up  to the thigh. Not far from her, `Uways and his  neighbor Hammuwdah strip and wade into  the water.    Egypt's rice output at the dawn  of the 20th century (1905-1909) toped 1,020,000 ardabs.  The crop is entirely credited to the  Egyptian Fallahat (women peasants).   Thanks to the gifted hands of a woman, the Fallahah is an essential part of the Egyptian  agriculture work force.  Her additional contribution in harvesting the legendary  Egyptian cotton, which hits a record output of 6,372,000 qintar, is credited to her expertise and  delicate picking of the cotton blossoms and extracting the seeds from  them.    All her children  bathe in the filthy irrigation canal, while Na`sah squats in the mud on the bank and does the  family laundry. For cooking and drinking, the long-suffering Na`sah carries water to the village in a pottery jar  (Ballas) which is neatly balanced on  her head. She has to walk hundreds of yards  back and forth, and with every load  of water, she unknowingly carries a fresh injection of disease to her family.   Na`sah, and some ten million Fallahiyn (2) like her, knows so little of sanitation that  in the early 1900's they are among the most diseased people on earth. It  is little wonder that half their babies die before they reach the age of six.  Debilitated by disease, the Fallah  mechanically and monotonously does his farm work in a pattern laid down by his  ancestors.    At night, `Uways and his family leave the animals in the big room  and withdraw to the small bedrooms in the rear of the house.  A rare moment of  wealth, found Na`sahanxious and nervous for  fear that her husband might take another wife. But thanks to God, `Uways instead has bought her an iron-posted bed in  which both sleep.  Before that, the whole family, including the children, shared  straw mats on mud ledges projecting from the walls. Na`sah is relieved this time, and thanks God for her  husband’s choice of an iron-posted bed and not another woman, but still she  cannot totally rid herself of the fear of abandonment.  Because Na`sah, deep inside her, knows that the Fallah in general counts his wealth in children,  and no amount of statistics can convince him that there should be any limits to  the number of his offspring. Na`sah is saved  from sharing her husband with another woman by the stark economic facts of life  facing her husband. `Uways rents three acres  of land from the owner of his village, and that tiny plot barely keeps the  family alive.    The silt-laden  Nile provides water for this family's drinking, washing and cooking.  This  murky water is literally crawling with tiny marine life, but Na`sah, like her ancestors in ancient times, swears by  this water as a nutritious beverage.  For six thousand years, the Fallah's biggest problem has been getting water  to his thirsty fields, and through the ages he has used the same methods of  irrigation.    It is a literal  truth that a Fallah is strong and  relatively healthy if he has only one disease.  The vast majority have at least  one chronic eye disease and one chronic intestinal.  Snails in the canals carry  the parasite of bilharzia, a debilitating internal disease said to reduce  Egyptian productivity by at least a third.    Sixty-five to eighty-five per  cent of the Egyptian population is infected with bilharzia, and there  is little hope of getting rid of the disease so long as the fallahiyn drink,  bathe, and work in infected canals.  Amebic dysentery in varying degrees  of intensity is well-nigh universal in the villages, and trachoma and  opthalmia are widespread. Undernourished Egyptian peasants are an easy  prey to typhoid, malaria, and tuberculosis. The average  span life of a Fallahah in the early  1900's is 40 years, her male counterpart is 38.6.   Glimpses of  ancient Egypt are present when she follows her husband among the furrowed  fields scattering the seeds, or at harvest time when she throws the grains  against the wind into the air with a winnowing fork, the chaff blown away and  the wheat remaining.  Or when the blindfolded gamuwsah walks tirelessly around  and around to tread out the grain on the threshing floor.    As years pass  away, the more children she has the less each member of the family has to eat.   For in general, the Fallah's  production, low as it might be is going largely to others. Na`sah's family rarely work their own land, they  sharecrop, rent or work by the day on the land of Egypt's fabulously rich  landlords, who have the Fallahiyn at  their mercy. Na`sah realizes that her family  has being working all their lives to provide a life of incredible luxury for  those strong enough to usurp the land.    Overwhelmed by  poverty, ignorance and disease, and quite ignored by the enlightened members of  the society, Na`sah is still resilient and  endowed with remarkable fatalism and patience.  She leans upon her husband's  shoulder and gazes out onto the land, the emptiness of the ages in her face, and  on her back the burden of the world.    In my opinion, any  fair assessment of empowerment of women's material and spiritual development in  the Egyptian society ought to be carefully measured against how far and how deep  the world of Na`sah has changed to the  betterment not only of women's condition, but to the peasant life in  general.    No matter how much  prosperity came to Egypt, very little of it really trickled down to  Na`sah's world.  While the so called feminist  movement concentrated on symbolic gestures such as discarding the Yashmak (the arstocratic Turkish version of a  veil), the movement was completely anesthetized in one respect.  It  failed to understand that  Na`sah could  not read the tracts written by the movement in  French. Instead what Na`sah really  needed was a pair of sandals or shabashib to enable her to walk free of  disease to the nearest school.   According to a Chinese proverb: "The  journey of a thousand miles begins with one step." Preferably wearing  comfortable footwear, I should add.   Ishinan 
 
 (1) See above photos, vintage of  late 19th- early 20th c. and a drawing by   T. W. Holmes from the middle of the 19thc.   (2) total population of  Egypt in the pre-war period 1904-13, was averaging between 10,484,000 -  11,998,00. At that time 90% of the population lived in rural  areas.Ishinan  © Copyright  2001
 
 
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